Essay on The Nigerian Civil War - 1344 Words

Introduction The Nigerian Civil War, 1967 – 1970, was an ethnic and political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the South-eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the different peoples of Nigeria. Like most modern African nations, Nigeria was an artificial construct, put together by agreement between European powers, paying little regard to historical African boundaries or population groups. The Nigeria which†¦show more content†¦The Alliance of North and West won a crushing victory under Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, amid claims of widespread electoral fraud. Military Coup The claims of fraud led to a military coup on January 15, 1966 by left-leaning junior Army officers mostly majors and captains. This coup led to the accession of General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, the head of the Nigerian Army, as head of state of Nigeria. This coup benefited mostly the Igbos because most of the coup plotters were Igbos and Ironsi, an Igbo, promoted many Igbos in the Army at the expense of Yoruba and Hausa officers. On the 29th of July 1966, the Northerners executed a counter-coup. This coup was led by Lt. Col. Murtala Muhammed. It placed Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon into power. Ethnic tensions due to the coup and counter-coup increased and led to the large-scale massacres of Christian Igbos living in the Muslim north. The discovery of large quantities of oil in the south-east of the country had led to the prospect of the south-east becoming self-sufficient and increasingly prosperous. However the exclusion of easterners from power made many fear that the oil revenues would be used to benefit areas in the north and west rather than their own. All these factors led to a growing pressure in the Igbo east for secession. BreakShow MoreRelatedGame Of Success Tom : The Nigerian Biafra War, Nigeria s Civil War1549 Words   |  7 PagesGame of Success TOM: The Nigerian-Biafra War, Nigeria’s Civil War. The inner conflict between the Biafra region and the mainland Nigerian government began approximately seven years after gaining independence from the British on October 1st, 1960. The Nigerian Civil War also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War plummeted the country through three years of unmitigated bloodshed with a death toll of over a million people. The war initiated by the succession of the southeastern region on May 30thRead MoreCivil Wars in Western Africa: Nigeria, Sierra Leone1743 Words   |  7 Pagesstates, which is a layman’s definition of civil war. The scholarly definition of a Civil war is a war between organized groups within a state. Since the end of WWII, there has been a total of 122 Civil wars ranging from the Greek Civil war in 1946 to the Syrian civil war that is happening as of today. A civil war is not an entity seen only in the underdeveloped countries of the world, and superpowers like the United States and Russia have experienced civil wars in t heir past. Due to the fact that conflictsRead MoreThe Biafra Election In Nigeria1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthis crisis, various ethno-nationalist groups have emerged in the Nigerian political arena in an attempt to win the zero-sum game for power. The movement for an autonomous Biafra is one of them, even if it is a heterogeneous group made of different organisations with clashing ideas and political agendas. Nonetheless, these sub-factions share some common beliefs: that the Igbo people have been brutally killed during the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970); that the collapse of the secessionist Republic ofRead MoreNigeria Biafra Civil War2367 Words   |  10 Pages| Realism, Power and the Nigerian Civil War | | 211540478 | Ntsika Nduli | 3/15/2013 | | International Relations is a field of politics that takes a look at the interactions that occur in between states in the international arena. Its aim is to explain why certain events have unfolded in certain ways, as a result of how states use their power relatively to each other. Mostly the interactions that International Relations tries to examine or explain, is the conflicts that arise asRead MoreThe Declaration Of Biafra Speech1428 Words   |  6 PagesPrime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom respectively. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafra War, 6 July 1967–15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the south eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. The war cost the Igbos a great deal in terms of lives, money and infrastructureRead MoreAnalyzing The Processes Of Decolonization And Early Post Colony1402 Words   |  6 Pagesdecolonization and early post-colony in Africa is a complex task. Especially when looking through the perspective of different nations that each followed their own path. Chinua Achebe’s There was a Country and Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s Dreams in a Time of War, are both exceptional novels that grapple with the social and political struggles going on in their respective countries. They also help explore the complexities of nation building a s well as political conflicts expression in communal form. On one handRead More Is American Patriotism Also Blind Patriotism? Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagestimes of war. Governments often use propaganda about nationalism to advocate their political views of the hostilities. Sometimes they even force patriotism on their constituents with fear-mongering techniques, which can have dangerous implications. That’s not to say that patriotism is inherently bad—many wars have been won for just causes because of it. However, it is a mistake to only think of war at a national level. There are devastating effects on the soldiers, families, and victims of war hostilitiesRead MoreThe Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On Nigeria1665 Words   |  7 Pagesworth considering. But one aspect of Nigeria has proven itself to be rich, transformative, and long-lasting: literature. Nigeria has produced rich literature that shows the conflict between tradition and western infl uence as well as dividing war. Further, Nigerian literature answers to this clash with a call to reconciliation and balance of the two. A brief look into the history of Nigeria would be beneficial before considering the literary culture and history of the country. Nigeria contains the greatestRead MoreThe Effects of Petroleum Business on Nigeria1562 Words   |  7 Pagesmost affluent and efficient producer of sweet oil, so here we see that it would make sense for the larger countries and corrupt government to control the exportation and income in this sector. The United States remain today’s largest importer of Nigerian crude oil, this also accounts for 40% of the countries total’s oil exports. This shows that the US has a lot of power in the decision-making process, and influences on the political entities that control the crude reserves in Nigeria. OffshoreRead MoreThe Social Movements And Protests Of Africa1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdown of both military and single-party state as well as civil wars prevailing in most countries in Africa. Women movements are very keen during this era of which the â€Å"Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace† movement is an example. The effort of women in Liberia was seen in their struggle with two different radicals’ bodies which involved the President Taylor and the Rebels in trying to end the decades of civil war in the country. The series of wars in the Liberian history resulted in thousands of deaths

Police Brutality Is Becoming Worse And More Documented...

My topic is going to be on police brutality. I chose this topic because police brutality is becoming worse and more documented with the use of cell phones. There are several ways to define police brutality. One way is regarding excessive force or displays of power that are stronger than is necessary to keep a situation safe and in control. I wanted to do more investigating on this topic, since more cases of police brutality which have been recorded have been surfacing on new outlets, to enlighten myself on it. I believe this was the best choice of topics for me to choose. Police brutality has had a long history in the U.S. In the early days of policing, acts of mass brutality were usually attributed to the weak labor workers. While the†¦show more content†¦Currently, the trend is when being approached by an officer or seeing someone being harassed the average person will pull out their cell phone to record the situation taking place. The social climate has shifted to one whe re much of the historic trust that has been put in police officers has become questioned following the events in Ferguson, Missouri, and Staten Island, New York (shah, 2016). For example the case of the shooting of Walter Scott. Walter Scott was pulled over for a broken tail light but ran from officer Michael Slager. The officer ran after him, and they had a small scuffle over the officer s taser, but the victim continued to run away when the officer pulled out his gun and shot Walter Scott eight times. Once Scott was lying face down the officer called for backup and picked up an item from the ground which was found to be the taser and placed it next to Mr.Scott s body. He planted his taser next to me.scott who was lying on the ground. The District Court for the District of Connecticut identified that the Circuit Courts of Appeals had been split as to whether or not the right to record police activity is a constitutional right that is clearly established such that it can defeat a cl aim of qualified immunity when an officer inhibits those actions (shah, 2016). When a video is recorded by a staff member during an active investigation that clearly shows the officer violating the victim sShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesattribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book wasRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBehavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town DubaiRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesWar, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoff extended the retreat of globalization, but nurtured the liberation of most of humanity from colonial rule. The collapse of the Soviet empireRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesrecognize when regular audits of quality compliance will not guarantee customer loyalty Businesses are growing more intricate and at warp speed. For example, consider the effects of venture capital financing, multiple marketing channel distribution, and entirely new patterns of employee recruiting, development, and training. In addition, product and services launches increasingly require more effective development initiatives. Rapidly increasing numbers of new offerings—from Web-oriented modules to

Role Of Gender In Influencing Helping Behaviour †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Role Of Gender In Influencing Helping Behaviour. Answer: Introduction In the present day, gender has been regarded as one of the most important aspect in helping behaviour especially in the western societies. It has also been found that while helping other individuals, men are more likely to help strangers than women. It has also been agreed by many psychologists that gender plays an important role in the society while helping others (Gentile et al., 2014). Accordingly, there are stereotypes on peoples genders that exit for some reason such as a persons gender is determined at the time of his or her birth and they were told to behave accordingly, thus it influence their helping behaviour. Gender Differences and Helping In order to understand the gender differences in helping process, it is important to understand the roles of gender that influence the helping behaviour of every individual. Furthermore, different roles are directed for specified genders as these norms have been set by the society an individual lives (Gentile et al., 2014). For instance in case of the gender role of female it has been argued by many scholars that societal norms encourages women to help others and moreover, women are also expected to give importance to others needs than their own and accordingly will try to help others (Schaller, 2016). The female role playing has also been regarded as a caring nature and it has also been stated that women are more empathic than men. On the other hand, the male gender role in influencing helping behaviour is different than that of female as they tends to portray heroic behaviour. Furthermore, with their heroic behaviour, they tend to save other from certain risk or danger and it has a lso been stated by some scholars that the gender role influences men to help strangers more than women (Seidman, 2016). For instance, bystanders might get more help from men than women, as in this case male can achieve its heroic deeds. Role of Social Status in Helping It is important to note that the social division of gender as per their status within the society largely influence the helping behaviour. It has been stated by some scholars that individuals in the lower status role will be acting more as a service provider than the receivers. However, it has also been noted that in gender differences men acts more as a receiver of helps than women in relation to job and more (Turner, 2018). In cases, when helping behaviour is seen from societal context, then gender differences in influencing behaviour plays a major role as a status cue in order to attain longer goals. According to Starr and Zurbriggen (2017), there are certain implications in status differentiation between gender when seen from social view point, as it has been stated that individuals directly requesting for help as shown as an influencing attempt and helping to that response is viewed as compliant behaviour. Physical Attractiveness and Helping Behaviour of Different Gender Physical attractiveness among gender plays a major role while influencing helping behaviour as people who are more attractive are likely to receive more help than others who are not (Turner, 2018). Prior to that, in case of gender differences, attractive women tends to receive more help than men, and furthermore it has also been stated by numerous scholars that men tends to help attractive women more than the less attractive. As per the report it has been found that men time to spend more time in helping opposite gender attractive people than the unattractive (Dovidio et al., 2017). As noted physical attractiveness of different genders plays a significant role in helping behaviour, therefore attractive women are more likely to act as a receiver than providers, whereas on the other hand, men in helping behaviour more likely to act as a helping agents rather than receiving help and also tends to help attractive women more than the unattractive women. Social Role and Gender Schema Theory It is important to note that in regards to gender differences influence in helping behaviour, societal norms plays a major role as per the social role theory. According to the social norm theory, women are portrayed as caring while helping others and are tends to be as heroic or chivalrous in terms of helping other people (Seidman, 2016). Social role theory also defines that women in case of helping provides help in a nurturing way, because they are expected to behave in that way by the society, while men as per the theory are expected to help others in dangerous and in emergency situation. As per the gender schema theory, masculine gender are expected to help others especially stranger in a more problem solving way, while feminine gender are tends to help in a caring way (Turner, 2018). Gender schema theory mainly deals with role playing as per their gender and accordingly tries to adjust their behaviour as per the norms of the society and in case of helping others male tend to prov ide help in relation to task orientation, whereas interpersonal orientation are possessed by females. Literature Gap In order to carry out the research and to have a clear understanding of the role of gender in influencing human behaviour, numerous journals, articles and books have been thoroughly examined. However, various critical observations have lead to the identification of the gap in literature. From the study, it has been observed that most of the researchers mainly dealt with the role of male and female gender in influencing behaviour, whereas there are very few researches regarding the role of cross-gender in influencing behaviour and also did not provide any clear explanation. It should be noted that transgender willingly wants to help others but people are less likely to receive help from them and they are left alienated within the society. Summary Gender role in influencing behaviour is a wider topic in itself that consists of different gender roles while helping other person. Society also plays a significant role in adjusting human behaviour as per the norms of the society. Apart from this, it has also been shown that physical attractiveness also plays a major role in influencing behaviour while helping others, as attractive individuals are likely to receive more help than the unattractive people. References Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coud, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., Ferrari, P. F. (2014). Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,46, 604-627. Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., Penner, L. A. (2017).The social psychology of prosocial behavior. Psychology Press. Prot, S., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K., Swing, E., Lim, K. M., ... Liau, A. K. (2014). Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior.Psychological science,25(2), 358-368. Schaller, M. (2016). The behavioral immune system.The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Seidman, S. (2016).Contested knowledge: Social theory today. John Wiley Sons. Starr, C. R., Zurbriggen, E. L. (2017). Sandra Bems gender schema theory after 34 years: A review of its reach and impact.Sex Roles,76(9-10), 566-578. Turner, S. P. (2018).The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge and Prepositions. John Wiley Sons. Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Hammer, J. H., Downing-Matibag, T. M. (2014). Referring men to seek help: The influence of gender role conflict and stigma.Psychology of Men Masculinity,15(1), 60.

Business Entrepreneurs Critical Mistakes -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Entrepreneurs Critical Mistakes? Answer: Introducation The cash flow management for the business is the process of analyzing, optimizing and monitoring the total amount of cash receipts reduced by cash payments. The net cash flow is the important measure for measuring the financial health of any business (Bhandari and Iyer 2013). Benefits of the cash flow management It helps in planning for unforeseen events that may be faced by the company in near future. It helps in analyzing the liquidity of the business and monitoring the cash inflows and cash outflows for better future planning. Three components of the cash flow planning Operating cash flow it is cash flow that is generated from the internal operations Investing cash flow it is internally generated from the non-operating activities Financing cash flow it is the cash from and to the external sources like shareholders, investors and lenders (Call, Chen and Tong 2013). Purpose of the cash flow planning Purpose of the cash flow planning is to deliver the information regarding the gross payments and gross receipts of the company for the specific time period. The net changes in the cash flow are equal to the cash and cash equivalent figure reported under the balance sheet of the company (Farshadfar and Monem 2013). Estimation required for preparing the cash flow budget Various estimations required while preparing the cash budgets are Estimated inflows of cash for the time frame Estimated outflows of cash for the time frame Estimation of the companys future cash position Cash flow equation Estimated cash inflows + Estimated sales Estimated cash outflows = Ending cash balance Largest component of cash outflow in retail business Cost of the goods to be sold is the largest cash outflow component in the retail business. The retail companies purchase the stock for the purpose of resale and the cost of these stocks are referred as the cost of goods sold. Therefore, it is the largest component. main financial statements Balance sheet Cash flow statement [Being computer purchased through cheque] Resolving issue regarding supply Look for any other supply who can supply within the time frame or Place bigger order for covering up the shortfall or Resolving the issue through communicating with the supplier Improving the cash flow of the business To improve the cash flow in short term period the company can Reduce credit period that is offered to the buyers Ask the supplier for allowing longer payment period Offer discounts on loans held with the borrower (Lee and Parker 2013) Financial report analysis Analysis of the financial report assists in comparing the financial data over the period of time. It further helps in analysing the following Liquidity of the business that is the monetary worth of the company on specific day Efficiency of the business that is how efficiently is can turns its inventory to revenue Profitability of the business that is ability of the company to face competition. Cash receipts from sale of the services and goods Revenue $ 200,000.00 Cost of goods sold $ 150,000.00 Gross profit $ 50,000.00 Operating expenses $ 100,000.00 Net income $ (50,000.00) Cash flow Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Opening cash position $ (600.00) $ (50,420.00) $ (48,957.00) Total receipts $ 203,020.00 $ 4,680.00 $ 3,716.00 Total payments $ 252,840.00 $ 3,217.00 $ 5,960.00 Net cash flow $ (49,820.00) $ 1,463.00 $ (2,244.00) Closing cash position $ (50,420.00) $ (48,957.00) $ (51,201.00) Purchasing or redecorating decision Choosing of project Both the proposals seem good for the improvement of the company as both can be used to increase the revenue. If with the new wood fire pizza is sold at ($ 15.00 - $ 4.50) = $ 10.50, then the total income will be (150*12*$ 10.50) = $ 18,900. Therefore the sales revenue will be increased by 9.8%. On the contrary the revenue can be increased by 20% if the establishment is restored. Therefore, the brothers shall choose the option of restoring the establishment (Coates 2014). The shareholders will be convinced as the 2nd option will give them more returns on their investment. Consulting for taking decision regarding redecorating or purchasing the equipment The decision shall be taken after discussing the matter with the people who have wide experience regarding this, for example, the people who have wide knowledge of hospitality. Further, various accounting are required to be prepared before taking the final decision. Necessary records Necessary records required to maintain are the files required for paying taxes and the details of financial working of the business. Other records required to be maintained are company name, working dates on restaurant, invoices, net and gross amount paid and any deductions from gross amount. Importance of budget Budget assists in analysing whether the company will gain benefit in the future or not. It recognizes the business part that can be improved and reveals the amount of money that is projected to exit and enter in the business. It also helps in the following aspects Planning budgets provide the guidelines and roadmap to the management and owners for planning the product prices on the basis of expected manufacturing cost. Further, it helps in keeping the track of resources. Controlling it helps in controlling the expenses of the company. It set the financial objectives towards which the company can work. This in turn, will assist the managers to have control on the cash utilization and expenses. Effect of dates on sales budget preparation The financial year dates generally have an impact on the large companies and small companies as the annual event may generate large amount of revenue or expenses. Generally the important events occur for 1 to 2 months before the end of the financial year. Therefore, the business gets sufficient times for paying all the outstanding dues or collects all the due payments from the customers. Decisions regarding family business Technological recommendations Various technological tools that can be used where accurate financial information and purchase budgets are not available are excel, powerful tools for access with proper controls on data. Further, the workflow tools and data management tools can help in improving the consistency and can highlight the focus areas for the purpose of additional attention. Recommended software As the business is small, they can use the Microcrosoft Excel for maintaining all the financial data (Anderson, Sweeney and Williams 2014). Software they can further use is FactuSo that will help in covering all the commercial records like goods receipts, invoices, remittance, customer order, customer budgets and delivery notes. Advantages of using software Using the software has various advantages like precision and speed of operation and further the real time financial status of the company can be analysed through computerized accounting system (Schorr et al. 2013). Another advantage is that the data has to entered once only and then through pitting up the formula all the calculation are generated automatically. It further minimizes the manual error. The data are kept in up to date version and the computation are accurate as the human errors are avoided. Sales budget analysis Variance analysis Financial Year Budgeted Actual Variance Reason 2007/08 $ 350,000.00 $ 290,000.00 Unfavourable Variance is unfavourable as the actual sale is lower by $ 60,000 as compared to the budget 2008/09 $ 400,000.00 $ 250,000.00 Unfavourable Variance is unfavourable as the actual sale is lower by $ 150,000 as compared to the budget Events to justify the scenarios Sales of the company were low as compared to expectation as it can be seen that the actual revenues were low as compared to the budgeted sales Too high expectations. As it can be seen that the budgeted sales for 2nd year were more than the 1st year whereas the actual sales were lower in 2nd year as compared to 1st. Therefore, it can be said that the expectation regarding sales were high Suppliers may have increased the prices of raw materials which in turn lead ABC Pizza Plaza the unfavourable variance. Adam Smith case Requirements not met by Adam Cash book Through the cash book Adam could maintain the records related to casgh receipts and cash payments Sales records through this Adam could maintain the receipt books, invoice books, documentation of credit card and cash register details (Schiff and Szendi 2014) Bank account it helps in maintaining the deposit books, check books and the bank statements Purchase records it helps in maintaining the petty cash system, invoices, statement for credit card and purchase related documents. Suggested techniques The coffee shop owner can use for improving the accuracy of the budgeting with regard to the beverage stock purchase is the simple technique. Initially, he must prepare the data regarding beverages and drinks that he must purchase on regular basis. Further, through the database he will be able to know the stock of the drinks and beverage and can plan accordingly when to purchase new stock. However, he must avoid using manual system and maintain the data through computerised system. Reference Anderson, D., Sweeney, D. and Williams, T., 2014.Modern business statistics with Microsoft Excel. Nelson Education. Bhandari, S.B. and Iyer, R., 2013. Predicting business failure using cash flow statement based measures.Managerial Finance,39(7), pp.667-676. Call, A.C., Chen, S. and Tong, Y.H., 2013. Are analysts' cash flow forecasts nave extensions of their own earnings forecasts?.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.438-465. Coates IV, J.C., 2014. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Financial Regulation: Case Studies and Implications.Yale LJ,124, p.882. Farshadfar, S. and Monem, R., 2013. Further evidence on the usefulness of direct method cash flow components for forecasting future cash flows.The international journal of accounting,48(1), pp.111-133. Lee, T.A. and Parker, R.H. eds., 2013.Towards a theory and practice of cash flow accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 50). psychology. Schiff, A. and Szendi, J., 2014. Helping small business entrepreneurs avoid critical mistakes in QuickBooks accounting software.The Entrepreneurial Executive,19, p.169. Schorr, M., Sylvester, M., Dopf, G., Henrich, D., Liebich, G., Conrad, M., Reccius, A., Klein, M., Hohendorf, M., Roesinger, A. and Soltek, R., 2013.Providing accounting software application as enterprise services. U.S. Patent 8,442,850.

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is Essays (3818 words) - Terrorism

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is one of the main concerns in the recent world. September 11/2001 attack in the twin tower of USA, bombing in Madrid and London bombing has raised a serious concern in this matter. Different government all over the world is trying to tackle this problem enacting different stringent laws and taking other steps. Indian society is attacked by this terrorism warm from the very beginning and immediate after independence, for example Kashmir, Mumbai bomb blasts, North East states, Punjab in 1980s and recently Mumbai attack. [1] There are different issues which come with the question of terrorism. The first question related to the definition of terrorism. In the international level there was a long effort to find a universally accepted definition of terrorism. The reason is that one person or states terrorist is freedom fighter to another state or individual. It has also faced opposition because most of this definition talks about th e action of the non-state actors and did not address the violence and torture done by the government agencies. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly has given a definition of terrorism which is the first in an international treaty. [2]This says: " Any other act intended to cause death and serious bodily injury to a civilian and any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government and international organization to do and abstain from doing any act. " There is two fold meaning in the context of terrorism and human right. In the first meaning the state is obliged to make regulation to prevent and combat terrorism on the ground to protect the individual right to life, liberty and security. The second thing is in the process of combating and preventing terrorism state should take care of the human right. [3] For the infringement of the latter the sate will be responsible under the international human right law and treaties in which it is a party. The European Court of Human Right and other international Human Right instrument has recognized that state has not only negative obligation to refrain from interfering into the rights of the people within its jurisdiction but also positive obligation to protect the people from the infringement of their human right by non state actors. [4] In this paper varies international instrument which talks about the protection of human right while combating terrorism will be discussed. Then subsequently some Indian anti -terrorism laws will be reviewed from the prospective of human right protection and the role of judiciary in the protection of human right while battling against terrorism. Chapter 1: International Institutions in the matter of Terrorism and Human Right Issu e : There are 13 international convention related to terrorism has been adopted under the supervision of United Nation. [5] After the attack of 11 September 2001 the international instruments, international political picture have changed a lot with relation to terrorism. United States of America declared " War on Terror " .[6] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: The General Assembly resolutions related to terrorism are mainly G.A. Res.56/160, G.A. Res. 58/187, G.A. Res. 59/191, G.A. Res. 59/195, and G.A. Res. 57/219. All these resolution mainly focused on both non derogability of human rights and states responsibility to comply with it. The G.A. Res.56/160 says that the state should take all necessary and effective measures, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism. . . and. . . strengthen, where appropriate, their legislation to combat terrorism. [7] G.A. Res. 57/219 says that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights.[8] G.A. Res. 58/187 argues that some human rights are non-derogable and emphasized that States must ensure that any measure taken to fight against terrorism take care of their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.[9] The remaining two resolutions also

External and Internal Factors Affecting McDonalds †Management Theory Paper

External and Internal Factors Affecting McDonalds – Management Theory Paper Free Online Research Papers External and Internal Factors Affecting McDonalds Management Theory Paper The purpose of this paper is to discuss external and internal factors affecting McDonald’s management functions. This will be accomplished by explaining how McDonald’s deals with each of the external and internal factors. There were three factors that were chosen to outline the success of McDonald’s corporation. The first factor is globalization, which is define as closer contact between different parts of the world, with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship between world citizens. Diversity, the difference among people and cultures, is the second factor discussed in the paper. The final factor is ethics, which can be defined as a set of principles of right conduct. This paper explains how the McDonald Corporations uses the factors to conduct business around the world. In today’s society, corporations and enterprises are expanding their businesses in the global markets. Globalization is necessary for success and survival in the worldwide market; however, global competition is not easy (Bateman Scott, 2004). By the end of the twentieth century, the list of Fortune 500 companies was no longer only United States corporations due to an increase in international companies joining the list (Global Capitalism, 2005). As a leading food service retailer, McDonald’s joins those corporations with restaurants in 119 countries (McDonald’s, 2004). Important strategic decisions are a key factor to their success with consideration for both internal and external factors. When considering the foreign market, companies need to consider there are risks. There must be local marketing to appeal to the local consumers and also to build relationships and trust (Bateman Scott, 2004). Therefore, the strategic planning for marketing has to be effective . McDonald’s caters its menu in other countries to the cultures of the regions. For example, in India, the non-vegetarian menu includes chicken and fish items only (Welcome, n.d.). Beef is not on the menu in India because are considered sacred. Global marketing decisions are no different than those made domestically but the decisions are unique to each country (Sister Sister, 2005). Furthermore, operating on a global scale allows a company’s employees to experience working in different cultural environments. This is a good marketing strategy for recruiting employees. McDonald’s has a global core curriculum for its restaurant management (McDonald’s, 2004). Paula Doherty, a general manager states, â€Å"I’ve had incredible experience in different countries and†¦cultures†¦as a trainee manager – from Poland to Israel to the Philippines and more. Doing the job successfully has given me a real sense of achievement† (mcdonalds.co. uk/?f=y). This business strategy speaks to their commitment to a diverse workforce. McDonald’s commitment to diversity is established on the foundational belief that diversity is not just a moral and ethical issue, but also a business issue (McDonald’s, 2005). Due to the global expanse of McDonald’s business, diversity has become an integral part of the internal company culture. McDonald’s has over 30,000 restaurants around the world, which means franchise owner/operators, employees, and customers represent just about every culture, religion or ethnicity on earth. In addition, McDonald’s promotes the use of local suppliers and based on their policies of diversity, expects and retains suppliers that have a similar diversity culture. Knowing and understanding the local customs and traditions of the communities where McDonald’s has established businesses, integrating people from these communities into the company, and adapting locally to the tastes and cuisines of the community, has made McDonald’s the leader in their in dustry. In the United States alone, McDonald’s has won numerous awards and received national recognition for diversity. According to McDonald’s website, www.mcdonlads.com, awards include; PUSH-Excel Corporate Partner Award, Corporate Achievement and Image Award, Nullities Corporate Award, Corporate Vision Award, and the Circle of Inclusion Award. These awards and recognitions are not the result of a surface attempt to appease the critics. They are the result of McDonald’s embracing and integrating diversity into their company ethos as an asset and an ally. McDonald’s realizes that having diversity as an asset greatly enhances the profitability of the company. Diversity is a direct reflection of a company’s interpersonal relationships. These relationships, if positive, result in a rewarding venture. Conversely, if the relationships are negative, the company’s morale declines and if not addressed, leads to the deterioration of the company. This deterioration directly impacts the company’s income and the community’s acceptance of the business. However, McDonald’s leadership encourages diversity through their policies and programs. McDonald’s proven success with leveraging the advantages of diversity can be attributed to their core value of ethics. McDonald’s success is built on the foundation of personal and professional integrity (www.mcdonalds). From the beginning, McDonald’s has based its reputation on trust and dependability, and their commitment to the community made them a household name. Founder Ray Kroc, believed in giving something back to the community in order to make the world a better place. Throughout the 1970’s, McDonald’s became involved with a lot of charity work. In 1974 established a charity called Ronald McDonald House. The purpose of this program was to provide temporary housing for the families of seriously ill children receiving treatment at nearby hospitals. Since the 70s, more than 10 million families around the world benefited from the comfort provided by Ronald McDonald Houses (www.rhmc). In addition to their community involvement, McDonalds has a long-standing commitment to environmental protection. Restaurants around the world have innovative programs for recycling, resource conservation, and waste reduction. The environmental achievements of this corporation have been recognized by organizations such as the Audubon Society, Conservation International, Keep America Beautiful, the National Recycling Coalition, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (www.mcdonalds). McDonalds is also an equal opportunity employer. As an equal opportunity employer McDonald’s ensures that employees and job applicants are selected, trained, and promoted without discrimination to race, gender, sexual orientation, age or disability. The company promotes their employees based on their relevant skill, talents, and performance. In support of this McDonalds promotes and sustains a working environment, which is free from unlawful discrimination, harassment and bullying. Employees are regarded as members of a team where everyones opinion is valued and respected. The Human Resources department monitors the effectiveness of the discrimination policies at regular intervals and takes corrective action as necessary to ensure that they being complied with (www.mcdonalds). Employees who feel that they have been treated unfairly are encouraged to use the remedies outlined in the Companys handbooks. McDonald’s ethical standards, as well as their strategies for global ization and diversity are instrumental to the overall success of the company. The purpose of this paper was to discuss external and internal factors that have affected McDonald’s. This was achieved by explaining what the factors are where and how McDonald’s dealt with each of the external and internal factors. The factors discussed were globalization, diversity, and ethics. The paper illustrates how globalization is necessary for success and survival of McDonalds in the worldwide market. The paper also shows how diversity integrated people from different communities into the company, and adapted tastes and cuisines of the community. McDonalds showed ethics by being an active leader in the communities. There are many different values to the dollar around the world, many issues that have occurred in many of those regions/websites, and about 119 countries served by McDonald’s that rely on the functions of management to succeed. References Bateman, T.S., Snell, S.A., (2004). Management: The New Competitive Landscape (6th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. McDonald’s, (2005). Retrieved October 9, 2005, from McDonald’s website: mcdonlads.com/corp/values/diversity/supplierdiversity/commitment.html McDonald’s USA corporate responsibility report: 2004. (2004). Retrieved October 9, 2005, from mcdonalds.com/usa/good/report.RowPar.0002.ContentPar.0002.ColumnPar.0001.File.tmp/USA%20Report%20Layout%20(No%20Back%20Cover)%20(12-1-04).pdf Robinson, W. I. (2005). Global capitalism: the new transnationalism and the folly of conventional thinking. Science Society, 69(3), 316. Retrieved October 10, 2005, from ProQuest database. Sustar, B. Sustar. R. (2005). Managing marketing standardization in a global context. Journal of American Academy of Business: Cambridge, 7(1), 302. Retrieved October 10, 2005, from ProQuest database. Welcome to McDonald’s India. Retrieved October 10, 2005, from mcdonaldsindia.com/ourfood/nonveg/index.html www.mcdonalds.com, People, 2005 www.mcdonalds.com, Environment, 2005 www.rmhc.com, Ronald McDonald House Charities, 2005 Research Papers on External and Internal Factors Affecting McDonalds - Management Theory PaperDefinition of Export QuotasMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

China's middle class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

China's middle class - Assignment Example Within the discourse of this study, the role of the middle class in the political affairs and other national revolutions have been highlighted like the most recent protest of 2012 against the expansion of a petrochemical plant in Ningbo city. Furthermore, the study also puts forward reflections on a comparison between the middle class of China and other capitalist countries as well as an evaluation of Chinese middle class and Asian countries. China’s Middle Class Resistance against the Expansion of a Chemical Plant On October 28, 2012 thousands of Chinese people clashed with the police in an anti- government demonstration against the expansion of a chemical plant- a petrochemical factory in Ningbo city. According to the protestors, the chemical plant would risk the lives of common people while damaging the health of the public because of the increased chances of pollution. As a result of this protest, the government indulgence and concession in the matter indicate its motivati on to meet the demands of the rising protestors (Wong, 2012). This scenario also indicates a leadership transition which may prove to introduce a new rule in the Communist China. Since 1990s, various other similar events of resistance have been occurred in urban areas like Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai. Sometimes, homeowners’ resisted for their interests or emerging middle class stood against authoritarian regimes. Whatever, the reasons were, the ultimate goal was to bring change within existing political framework. In this regard, the role of the middle class cannot be denied at any level. Their role is most often regarded as a significant driving force towards democratization especially in a non- democratic- authoritarian regime (Dolven 2003, pp. 35- 37). So, here the matter of concern is that who is considered the middle class of China and how they are rising to bring forward a change? Who is the Part of Middle Class in China? Basically, middle class of china involves a section of households who have annual income between $10,000- $60,000. While cost of living in this region of the world greatly varies, however, by a rule of thumb a person is supposed to be a part of middle class if he/ she is able to spend one third of his income at his own discretion. The middle class of China is concentrated, mostly, in big cities where educated people can find better opportunities to maintain the standards of their lives. In this way the middle class is enjoying stable jobs at one end like white collar professionals as well as serving in multinationals and some people also offering their services in state owned corporations. Most of the people forming this section of society belong to age group between 25 and 45- the active population group of the society who wants to boost their lives on the same footings as Americans and European nations have gone through. However, this middle class section in China just appeared in the last 20 years because of continuous eco nomic growth and infrastructure development. This economic growth has developed a new social group that can enjoy, relatively, better facilities and higher income. The people of this section can own their property like cars and houses as well. Simply speaking, this group owns a societal stratum that is laying above the ordinary working class, however, still not the wealthiest (Dolven 2003, pp.